Writing Style Scarlet Letter Essay Example

Writing Style Scarlet Letter Essay Perhaps the foremost purpose of The Scarlet Letter is to illustrate the difference between shaming someone in public and allowing him or her to suffer the consequences of an unjust act privately. According to the legal statutes at the time and the prevailing sentiment of keeping in accordance with a strict interpretation of the Bible, adultery was a capital sin that required the execution of both adulterer and adulteressor at the very least, severe public corporal punishment.Indeed, even if the husband wanted to keep his wife alive after she committed adultery, the law insisted that she would have to die for it. It is in this environment that Hester commits adultery with Dimmesdale, but we come to see that the public shaming cannot begin to account for all the complexities of the illicit relationshipor the context of it. What Hawthorne sets out to portray, then, is how the private thoughts, the private torture and guilt and emotional destruction of the people involved in the affair, are more than enough punishment for the crime.We wonder whether the state or society has any right to impose law in private matters between citizens. Does adultery really have no impact upon the lives of others? If not, it should not be seen as a crime against the village. A more charitable reading of the Bible would come later in reflections on the New Testament interpretation of adultery law, namely, that the public need not step in to punish a crime when we ourselves have our own sins to be judged. Each person suffers enough already for his or her own sins. The Scarlet Letter has an incredibly unique style.Hawthorne uses key writing styles to get the main themes across in his novel: natural law vs. conventional law. Hester broke a conventional law, but she did not brake a natural law. Hawthornes style is Vague at best. There are many passages in the novel that are left open to interpretation, making the Scarlet Letter romantic. Hawthorne asks many rhetorical questions throughout the passages, incorporating readers even more into the novel. Also, he has exceptional grammar usage, carefully placing multiple commas, elongating his already complex sentences.Hawthorne incorporated various sentence structures into his novel, like the parallel construction with correlative conjunctions. He places contradictory phrases throughout his sentences, creating a sense of mystery. He has an accelerated vocabulary usage, at times stopping the reader in his or her tracks to define the word. Hawthorne wrote this novel around 100 years after the time period that the novel takes place in, so readers would need some explanation on the culture.Hawthorne incorporates a unique narrator position, randomly having statements in the passage. Hawthorne also displays a strong use of symbols. In order to show the importance of such symbols, it is necessary to use many figures of speech. There are passages where Hawthorne will use personification to make nature come alive and heed to Pearl , Hesters daughter. Hawthornes unique language makes him capable to pursue unique routes to enter the readers and capture their minds.

5 Basic Rules for Having Roommate Guests

5 Basic Rules for Having Roommate Guests Its a rare college roommate situation where neither person brings over a guest at any time during the entire academic year. More likely, one or both roommates have someone over - for the night, for the weekend, for a day or two. Having a few basic rules in place in advance, however, can help everyone avoid awkward situations, hurt feelings, and overall frustration. What to Know Before You Have Guests Rule 1: Notify as far in advance as possible. If your parents are coming to visit for Family Weekend, let your roommate(s) know as soon as you can. That way, the room can be clean, things can be picked up, and embarrassing items can be put away if necessary. If your guest shows up as a surprise - e.g., your boyfriend drives up to surprise you for the weekend - let your roommate know before they come home. A simple phone call or text message can at least give them a heads up that youll be having company for a little while. Rule 2: Know whats okay to share - and not. Most roommates dont mind if you borrow something from time to time. A squeeze of toothpaste here or some hand soap there wont bother most folks. A used towel, eaten breakfast food, and laptop surfing can easily send the calmest roommate into orbit, however. Know what your roommate is willing to share and let your guest know as soon as possible. Even if youre in class while your guest eats the last of your roommates cereal, its your responsibility to fix the problem. Rule 3: Have a limit on how long people can stay. Its reasonable to expect a roommate to accommodate the unique factors of your personal life. Your mom might call too often, for example, or you might have an annoying habit of hitting the snooze button one too many times in the morning. Having a guest stay for too long, however, is not something you can reasonably expect your roommate to adapt to. Its their place too, after all, and they need their regular time and space to focus on school. Respect your shared environment and make sure your guests leave before they overstay their welcome. Rule 4: Make sure your guest leaves things exactly how he or she found them. If your guest wants to be a good house guest, they should be respectful of everything in your shared living environment. That means cleaning up after themselves, whether in the bathroom or the kitchen. The last thing you need is for your guest to be disrespectful and leave a mess behind. Ask your guest to make sure to clean up after him- or herself, and if they dont, make sure you do as soon as possible. Rule 5: Be clear on how frequently guests can visit. Okay, so all of your guests are dreamy. They dont stay too long, they tell you theyre coming in advance, they clean up after themselves, and they respect your roommates stuff and space. That can all be true, and yet ... you can simply have guests over too often. If people are over every weekend, for example, that could easily become wearisome for your roommate(s), who might simply start craving the ability to wake up on a Saturday morning and not have to deal with the company. Talk to your roommate not only about guest specifics but also about patterns. How much is too much? How many are too many? Being clear from the beginning and checking in throughout the year can make sure that you and your roommate continue to have a good roommate relationship - guests and all.

Analysis Power of Computers Essay -- Computer Technology

Keywords- Family Similarity Recognition, Facial Feature Extraction, Face Detection, PCA, Image Database. I. INTRODUCTION Over the last thirty years or so, face recognition is an active research area in computer vision and one of the most successful applications of image analysis and understanding. Different algorithms have been proposed by researchers for solving this problem and many of them are considered as the state of the art. Nowadays, the face recognition problem is not only important in the research area, but it is vital in the commercial applications. A general statement of the face recognition problem can be formulated as follows: Given still or video images of a scene, identify or verify one or more persons in the scene using a stored database of faces. Due to this definition well-known algorithms such as PCA [24], ICA [1], LDA [28], EBGM [27], B... ... middle of paper ... ...e considered for it. For example, humans use terms such as "entire face of person A is similar to person B" or "eyes and eyebrows of person A are similar to person B" or "profile view of person A is similar to person B" to express the similarity criteria between people. With respect to these observations, three features are utilized in the proposed method include: "The Whole Face", "The Facial Features’ Perimeter" and "The Ratio between Facial Features". These features are selected from the frontal and side view images. The facial features’ perimeter includes forehead, eyebrows and eyes, nose, mouth, chin and cheek. The ratios between facial features’ point can be calculated from the distances that are evident in Figure 1. Utilizing ratio instead of distances between the facial features' point eliminates the dependency to the image scale. These ratios are as follow:

Nike (Training and Development) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nike (Training and Development) - Research Paper Example The success of Nike in the industry has driven most research into the training and development processes that the company employs. In most of these research studies, the company’s culture in Nike has been pointed out as a key cornerstone in the training process of the company. In perspective, the corporate culture of the company contributes a great deal to the quality of employees that the company gets in any recruitment process, and the way in which they develop ton match the requirements of the company. In addition, it studies note that more than ever, most intellectuals in marketing and other fields desire to work for the company, notably because the brand has a unique place in the market, dressing even the most elite performers in the athletics field. What is unknown to many however is the corporate culture which the employees breathe and work from, that is the main foundation of the learning and training in the company. At the company’s headquarters in Portland, it is easy to note that every building in the compound is named after a famous athlete that the company associates with (Donnelly 44). For example, the name of Michael Jordan, one of the most famous basketball players in history stands tall in one of the buildings, to whom Nike designed the first running shoes with a sponge in their soles. Further, the name of Mia Hamm, one of the most famous women footballers in history stands in the Nike Campus, to whom the company designed various sports shoes as well as the outfit for most of the games she played. In perspective, there are more than twenty excellent athlete names in the Nike College, which builds the Nike campus with a unique competitive spirit, that enables the company’s employees to grow, get inspired and work towards maintaining the greatness of the company. Further, Nike commits itself to enable the top management to be instruments that facilitate the company’s growth. The leaders in the company are trusted to pr ovide training and learning opportunities to employees and senior managers in order to bring out the talents and capabilities that lie within them. This involves engaging the staff in a way that helps them to achieve quality and produce better output in their capacities, which may be termed as talent multiplication (Goldman, and Papson 61). Thus, the company aims at bringing the best out of their workforce through training and development of the leaders in the hierarchy of management. In addition, the company’s major headquarters in the world is endowed with state of the art gym facilities, designed for use by the employees of the company. For example, the headquarters in Oregon has adequate training facilities, that the employees attend fitness classes, perform various running exercises and bike racks, on which the employees can spend their evenings or lunch breaks practicing. The company’s human resource manager alleges that this enables the employees to live in a Ni ke Spirit, and enables the company to maintain employees who are passionate about sports and the company’s products. Nike employees therefore constitute of a team of persons who care about sports and the company benefits by instilling a culture of sports, that encourages the employees to learn more in their fields of competence in respect to the

Financial Crisis 2007-09 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Crisis 2007-09 - Case Study Example Other factors include surge in subprime mortgages as an answer to high housing speculation and growth of the bubble. The main culprits were lenders, because they were responsible for lending funds without taking into consideration the risk of defaulting. After the central bank lowered interest rates and flooded the market with cash. The lenders, like investors, had ample capital to lend, and more willingness to undertake extra risk to increase their returns. The financial crisis commenced in the US and spread throughout the world. The failure of Lehman Brothers teaches us the importance of risk management because this institution had invested in risky securities loosing much value after the U.S housing bubbles. In addition, the crisis teaches us that it is important to retain the confidence of the financial market because once shattered, it becomes difficult to restore. When such confidence is shattered, it can lead to a full-blown confidence crisis in the entire word. The housing bubble resulted from the enormous savings from developed countries, and the low interest rates that existed in the U.S. Due to the available funds, there was demand for high-yielding investments leading to the housing bubble. Some small banks in the US reduced lending; therefore, governments and consumers could no longer borrow and spend before the crisis. Businesses also had to reduce their workforce because the recession meant less funds. The credit crunch deepened as the losses increased

I hold my duty as i hold my soul both to my God Essay Example for Free

I hold my duty as i hold my soul both to my God Essay Polonius statement, found in Act Two, Scene Two, reflects the symmetry and order of the society he lives in. He inhabits a world of certainty and medieval convention. The play can be seen to challenge the statement, both in the action and in the characters, particularly in the character of Hamlet himself. It is Hamlet, the renaissance man of the play, whose controversial attitude is constantly seen to challenge the medieval certainties that could still be seen in Jacobean society. Value was placed on duty to the monarch and to God; the institution of marriage was sacred and scientific reasoning was absolute and definite. All these things are challenged in Shakespeares Hamlet. The social and cultural climate of Jacobean society was such that certainties and conventions were held in high esteem- Shakespeares Hamlet is written in the context of, for example, the social hierarchy of the time, the medieval court, and religion. All of these are challenged in the play by both the characters and the plot. Even the very form of the statement challenges these certainties, for the couplet is a chiasmus- the symmetrical structure reflects the very nature of the society in which Polonius lives. In Shakespeares time society was beginning to ask some of the questions which Shakespeare addresses through the character of Hamlet. Most people embraced a rational, scientific line of thinking Elizabethans were not always heavily superstitious. For example, in Act one, Scene one, Horatio expresses doubt at the existence of the ghost: Before my God, I might not this believe Without the sensible and true avouch Of mine own eyes. They also began to question the old hierarchy and the natural order of things- such as God and gracious king upon the dawn of the Renaissance. The idea of society as a fixed structure and everything being ordained in the world was indeed a strong certainty. Hamlet has a clear vision of things as they are he is a realist, a Renaissance man, unlike characters such as Claudius and Polonius who Shakespeare portrays to be lacking in vision. Shakespeare shows the court to be full of people who think that all these things are absolute simply because they have always been a certain way. Hamlet is also the main vehicle through which Shakespeare conveys his views. Hamlet has indeed been brought up with medieval and religious certainties too. Or that the everlasting had not fixd His canon gainst self- slaughter. A modern audience may very well see Hamlet as being rather tame- a twenty-first century rebel would not acknowledge proprieties such as the divine ban on suicide- but Hamlet seeks more than revenge. He is a melancholy individual, who searches for the answers to some of these questions; through the title statement, Shakespeare challenges his contemporary audience and the modern audience to question these certainties too. Hamlets clear vision is in direct contrast to the other characters, in the sense that he is the only character who is prepared to question these certainties and to try and define, in a sense, what the true meaning of life is, what it is all about. Shakespeare challenges the statement of duty to God and king by implying, through the character of Hamlet that life is underpinned by something other than the monarch and the church. Hamlet is totally aware of the beauty of the world yet at the same time has a pessimistic outlook on the gifts of man as we are all destined to die anyway: What piece of work is a man, How noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god: and yet to me what is this quintessence of dust? The character of Polonius is underpinned by values such as duty to God and king- this is illustrated not only in Act Two Scene Two but also in Act One Scene Three: This above all : to thine own self be true, As it must follow the night the day Thou canst not then be false to any man. This quotation illustrates a simplistic outlook on life. The main way in which Shakespeare challenges this outlook is, ironically, in Polonius death. In Act Three, scene four, Polonius is casually and ignominiously killed by Hamlet : O, I am slain. Polonius expresses surprise as much as anything, while Hamlet s words reinforce the irony of Polonius self- importance: I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune: Thou findst to be too busy in some danger. Polonius is clearly at home in this ordered society and shows a passive acceptance of the status quo. He has a simple medieval outlook on life and clearly values his duty to his God and king; however, he dies by ridiculous accident. Although throughout his life he has clearly endeavoured to serve these two entities to the best of his ability, he still dies an unnatural, brutal death. Shakespeare is therefore illustrating the irrelevance that these values have to life, both in Shakespeares era and now. The statement which Polonius makes in Act Two Scene Two about duty to God and King allows the reader to infer a lot about the character of Polonius and the world in which he lives- he does not seek new experience. These medieval certainties are also challenged in the character of Claudius. He is obviously not on the side of God- indeed, he seems to contradict the very reasoning of the church by the brutal manner in which he murders the king. It is ironic therefore that he seems to declare himself king by divine right as he actually dies with a guilty conscience: Theres such divinity doth hedge a king That treason can but peep to what it would, Acts little of his will. Here it appears that Claudius has conveniently forgotten exactly how he became king. Shakespeare is challenging the idea of kingship. He is showing the court to be full of people who think things are the way they are because they have always been done that way, such as Polonius, Gertrude, Claudius, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The character of Claudius highlights the corruption of the medieval court. The intrigue and machiavellian machinations of the court are self justifying to all these people; for example, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern deceive Hamlet and go behind his back simply because they are serving their king. In Shakespeares time deception and violence were commonplace if they would benefit the king. Although Claudius seems to take the moral high-ground throughout the play he has no good intentions toward Hamlet at all. Shakespeares Hamlet also challenges the institution of marriage- it is shown in the conduct of Gertrude and Claudius not be a sacred union but a justification for excessive promiscuity. Hamlet is distraught by his mothers rapid re- marriage to his uncle after his fathers death: To post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets. Shakespeare invites us then to question the notion of a stable royal marriage, and the values that society had then and the values we have now. Hamlet is disgusted by their sexual excesses and, moreover feels he has been tainted by them: O that this too too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw and resolve itself into a dew. Shakespeare is challenging the morality of the royal marriage- the fact that Gertrude marries the kings own brother shortly after his death seems to suggest the absence of love. In Hamlet, the degree of emotion and true respect in marriage is shown to be weak- it is easily overruled by lust, as the ghost of the previous king states: Let not the royal bed of Denmark be. A couch for luxury and damned incest. Hamlet is an unconventional revenge tragedy- Shakespeare subverts the genre. Hamlet is reluctant to take revenge whereas Laertes is hot- headed, impulsive and ready to avenge the murder of Polonius: It warms the very sickness in my heart That I shall live and tell him to his teeth, Thus diest thou. Shakespeare undermines the concept further by showing that Hamlet is not in fact a coward- his ideas are slightly more subtle. He is indeed hesitant about avenging his fathers murder- he passes up an opportunity to kill Claudius in Act Three, scene four, as he does not want to kill him in an act of redemption. This goes against the traditional idea of medieval and Jacobean revenge: A villain kills my father, and for that To heaven. Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge. This is a challenge to the genre because Hamlet is prepared to bide his time in order to achieve the perfect murder- he wont be spontaneous and impulsive. This is shown by the fact that he passes up an opportunity to kill Claudius. Shakespeares Hamlet has a good degree of relevance to life in the twenty- first century. Although some of the major themes, such as the court and incest, are no longer applicable to modern life, we can relate to some of the underlying themes such as love, sorrow and resentment; we can relate to the emotional distress. Reasoning in Medieval Denmark where the play is set nor indeed in Jacobean society is not so different to our reasoning today- the majority of people today may not believe in ghosts but characters in the play, such as Horatio, and some people in Jacobean society do not believe in ghosts either. In Act one, scene five, Hamlet makes this very thought- provoking comment to Horatio: There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. We have our certainties today- in the form of scientific reasoning; but our certainties are equally open and capable of being challenged. One of the main themes in Hamlet is death- we are still uncertain about what happens after we die. The character of Hamlet himself has a romantic, post modernist way of thinking; everything is relative and there are no certainties- only thoughts: Nothing is good or bad. Thinking makes it so. In a sense here Hamlet can be compared to the Romantics. Keats wrote in the context of Shakespeare: Twixt damnation and impassiond clay. (On Sitting Down To Read King Lear) This in a sense is what underpins Shakespeares Hamlet- the idea that whatever certainties are held in any given era will always be questionable, and open to discussion. Our certainties will always be challenged because nothing is definite, or absolute. This romantic concept is based on the idea that this is what life is about- challenging certainties in order to try and discover the ineffable truth about this world and the next.

Jujitsu - The Gentle Art :: essays research papers

To a person not conversant with this art, Jujitsu may be considered as a foul or derogatory term in Japanese. However, Jujitsu us one of the most effective and deadly forms of martial arts taught today. Unique among other forms of combat, Jujitsu holds the position of a â€Å"parent art†, of from which other forms of martial arts such as Aikido, Judo and several Karate styles were extracted. Jujitsu is a combination of all levels of combat. It incorporates chokes, striking, grappling, nerve and pressure point attacks, joint locks, redirection of momentum and throws. The exact origins of Jujitsu are unclear, as most of its history was passed on in the oral tradition. The few early written references show that its origins date back to Japanese mythology, where it is said that the gods, Kajima and Kadori, used Jujitsu to discipline the lawless and wild inhabitants of the Eastern provinces. Therefore, by definition, the art is nearly 2000 years old, however records do exist which show that the art was being practiced as far back as the 8th Century, over twelve hundred years ago. Jujitsu was formalised and most popular during the Edo period of Japan. This was the era of the Samurai. Jujitsu was the Samurai’s main set of combat techniques, after the sword. Jujitsu was a part of the Samurai’s fighting skills, something he could use when he was unable to use his favourite weapon. There are many different styles of Jujitsu that exist around the world, and many different ways to actually spell the name. The original spelling derived directly from the Japanese was Jujitsu. As the popularity and practice of this martial art spread across Europe, the spelling and pronunciation was forced to change. This occurred during World War II, when the name Jujitsu had to be changed to Jiu-jitsu (pronounced Jeeu-jitsu). This name-change occurred because the Germans occupying the area at the time claimed that the name resembled the word â€Å"Jew†, which was illegal to be spoken. Therefore the name was slightly altered so that the art could continue to exist and be taught throughout Europe. Despite the difference is spelling, the meaning of the words is basically the same. The literal meaning of the name is â€Å"the gentle art†, however, since there can be many different translations of Japanese words, â€Å"Ju† can also mean soft, yielding, pliant and flexible, which are all important fundamental principles in this dangerous art.

Warehouse Worker

The pyramids were used as final resting places after the pharaoh’s death. The construction on the pyramids was started soon after the pharaoh ascended to and generally took about 20 years to build. They were aligned with the stars to ensure the pharaoh’s ascension into the afterlife. There is only one known explanation of how the ancient pyramids were built. That explanation is created to Herodotus around the year 425 B. C. Herodotus traveled around Egypt collecting verbal history of this ancient nation. In writing about the construction of the pyramids, he stated: The method employed was to build it in steps, or, as some call them tiers or Terraces. When the base and sub levels were completed, the blocks for the next level were from the ground by means of a cedar sled called a lisch. The sleds were pulled from the quarry to a barge by means of oxen. The blocks of stones was carried up the Nile River on the barge and then unloaded and pulled to the pyramid’s site . Ron Wyatt based his design on the description by Heordotus constructed machines made of wood that easily lift heavy objects. There was a stair case that leads from the opening down to the Royal burial chamber. Here the Pharaoh’s personal belongings and riches were place upon the death of the Pharaoh. This staircase was sealed to prevent grave robbers from finding the royal burial chamber and sometimes fake burial chambers were built to confuse would be grave robbers. The stones were pulled up long ramps to the level that was being constructed. The ramps were at least 3 times and long as they were tall. This made it somewhat easier for the oxen and men to get them into place. Once they reached the level that was needed they were pick up and dropped into place using a contrivances. Upon the death of the Pharaoh’s death, the mummification process was began and this took 60 days. During the Pharaoh’s belonging that was to be interred with him would be placed in the guarded tombs. To prevent the pyramids from leaking during the rainy season, the pyramids were sealed with sand or marble or some other material of the pharaoh’s choosing. If they did not seal the pyramids they would eventually fill with water and decay everything inside. This process was started at the top of the pyramid and the workers worked down the sides until they reached the bottom.

Ethical Legal Dilemma Advanced Practice Nursing Case Study II Essay

Ethical Legal Dilemma Advanced Practice Nursing Case Study II Health insurance policies have set limits on what services will be paid for with a terminally ill person in the home and these limitations may conflict with the nurse’s obligation to provide care for the terminally ill patient (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). Speaking with the family of a 59 year old male with his only history being terminal lung cancer that has metastasized to the brain, they express concern that they are beginning to have increase difficulty managing this condition. The patient is receiving hospice currently in the home, but the insurance company will not cover both hospice and respite services to assist the family. Community nurses working in the homes of dying patients often encounter many forms of ethical dilemma and they need support in this demanding situation that arises during the end of a patient’s life in the home (Karlsson et al. , 2010). The community nurse is a professional to whom the patient and family turn when they have questions or want to discuss plan of care and treatment options at a critical time in the patient’s life when personal assistance is required (Erlen, 2005). Speaking with the family (son and daughter), it is now found that the patient is now incontinent of both stool and urine and they are now limiting his intake of food and fluid in the afternoon and evening, so that their father doesn’t â€Å"lay in his own wastes throughout the night†. The patient has now developed an excoriated perineum and it appears that further skin breakdown is imminent. The patient has become increasingly weak, and has fallen several times over the last few days. He requires total care with all ADL’s and IADL’s and the family verbalizes being overwhelmed with what their father requires. The patient is receiving hospice for medication administration for agitation and pain as well. Both son and daughter are at risk of losing their jobs related to missing work in order to take care of their father. The son works day shift and the sister works afternoon shift. They have each decided to return to work and this will cause their father to be left alone for almost two hours each day. This could be a case of negligence, where there is a failure to exercise a standard of care and it can be alleged when a person fails to act when a duty exists. There are five elements required to establish a case of negligence: the existence of a legal duty to exercise reasonable care; a failure to exercise reasonable care; cause in fact of physical harm by the negligent conduct; physical harm in the form of actual damages; and proximate cause, a showing that the harm is within the scope of liability (Cornell University Law School, n. d). Negligence falls under tort law and could be criminal. According to Collins English Dictionary (2009) negligence or mal-practice is defined as any immoral, unethical misconduct or neglect of a health care professional. The patient is receiving care at home from Hospice for pain and agitation medication management, which is not sufficient. There is no absolute method to avoid lawsuits; however, prevention of this case could have occurred prior to discharge with proper education of the family of their options for care regarding their father. Detailed explanation of what care their father may need as the end of life is near, may have steered the family to make alternative arrangements for their father. Hospice will have a duty to educate the family of the possible act of negligence and it will be the duty of the hospice workers to report this act made by the family, by following their policies and procedures, which will be their best defense (Grant & Ballard, 2011). Further discussion has shed light on the possibility of Human Rights being violated, under the Affordable Car Act. This is due to the patient’s insurance declining to pay for needs at home. This law alleviates according to Gable (2011) some of the hardships forced on the public’s health for those with insufficient availability of health insurance or access to health care. The Affordable Care Act bans insurance companies from placing lifetime dollar limits on health benefits, which will prevent individuals suffering from chronic diseases from having to worry about going without treatment because of their lifetime limits and it restricts the use of annual limits and bans them completely in 2014 (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, n. d. ). The ethical principle that will be violated here is the respect for person and the concept of deontology. Deontology means that some behaviors are our duty, whether there is benefit or not (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2012), says that deontology is within the moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do and what type of person we should be. Again, proper education to the family, prior to discharge of this patient and by the nurses within the hospice agency could have avoided this occurring. Respect for person involves autonomy, but not all individuals are able to acting autonomously. This requires the ability to set goals and make choices, and this may be compromised at times in a person’s life. Defined by the Belmont Report, respect for persons requires that these vulnerable individuals be offered special protections during periods when they cannot act autonomously. This is also a major emphasis of the principle of justice which requires that the vulnerable be extended special protections with regard to the distribution of the benefits and burdens of research (Yale Human Subject Research Resource & Education Program, 2006). Legal reasoning is evident in two forms, legislative drafting and application of rules to cases and it involves an acceptance and spirit of working within law, which gives it some bias towards maintaining existing rules (Peterson, n. d. ). This does not always mean that law is always just and practical, and judges avoid applying rules that would result in less than desired outcomes. According to Peterson (n. d. ), legal reasoning contains many examples of efforts to changing the legal system and returning to the law making process. Coherence in legal reasoning is where law makes sense as a whole, and is a form of supportive rationality (Bertea, 2009). The coherence part of legal reasoning may be weaker than the logical part. Coherence of a set of legal norms is made by there being a realization of some common value or some common principle (Dickson, 2010). Logic in legal reasoning is the reasoning involved in interpreting constitutions, statutes, regulations, balancing fundamental principles, adopting and modifying legal rules, while applying those rules to cases and evaluating evidence, prior to making decisions (Walker, 2007). Case law is the legal principles embodied in judicial decisions that are derived from applying areas of law to the facts of individual cases. Case law is a dynamic and constantly developing body of law, where each case contains part of the facts of the controversy and an explanation of how the judge arrived at a conclusion (The Free Dictionary by Farlex). Lastly is legal analysis, which requires proving each element of a rule to be true or false and it refers to a statement by a court, judicial officer, or legal expert as to the legality or illegality of an action, condition, or intent (Connelly, n. d. ). The function of ethical reasoning revolved around the fact that much of human behavior has consequences for the welfare of others. People can act toward others in such a way as to increase or decrease the quality of their lives and we are capable of helping or harming. We are empathetic and therefore can recognize when we are doing one or the other. The role of ethical reasoning is to decipher acts that either enhances the well-being of others and those that harm or diminish the well-being of others. Developing one’s ethical reasoning abilities is crucial because there is in human nature a strong tendency toward egotism, prejudice, self-justification, and self-deception which has sociocentric influences (Elder & Paul, 2011). The problem of pseudo-ethics is that one cannot develop as ethical persons if we cannot face the fact that everyone is prone to egotism and prejudice. Flaws in human thinking are the cause of much human suffering and only developing fair-mindedness, honesty, integrity, self-knowledge, and deep concern for the welfare of others can provide foundations for sound ethical reasoning (Paul & Elder, 2009). According to Paul and Elder (2009), ethical reasoning involves doing what is right while avoiding selfish desires and to live an ethical life, is to develop command over our native egocentric tendencies. The elements of ethical reasoning include awareness, independent problem solving, supported problem solving, and decision and outcome evaluation, while effective ethical reasoning requires sensitivity, problem solving skills, and the motivation and determination to act on decisions (Kenny et al. , 2007). The logic of ethical reasoning involves moral theory derived from meta-ethics and evolutionary ethics. The fundamental problem is that evolutionary ethics is a scientifically based theory while meta-ethics is a philosophically based and logic related to human behavior is cannot convey the complexity of human experience, so moral terminology such as good and moral have evolved from billions of social issues over centuries of time that are related to human behavior (Bromberg, 2011). The advantages and disadvantages of ethical reasoning start with the fact that ethical reasoning assumes that everyone will make choices that will cause no harm. This would mean that an ethical society will prohibit unethical actions, but ethical reasoning excludes actions that are based on spiritual or social customs and does not persecute any specific group for their beliefs. Ethical reasoning is meant to determine actions that are in the best interest of everyone, but the course of action is not always clear-cut. Ethical reasoning is simple, all things are not equal, and determining the true ethical route can be difficult and subjective (Mayers, n. d. ). Summary Some cultures continue to practice rituals that are illegal in other counties. Those things that are ethically acceptable in one culture, many times aren’t with other cultures. Laws are based on rules within cultures. Rules are things that citizens must obey in order to prevent persecution by governing authority. Ethical reasoning is based on what people believe is morally right or wrong, whereas legal reasoning is based rules made within cultures. Many times things that are illegal coincide with things that are believed to be unethical within a culture; however, an illegal act by a health care practitioner is always unethical, but an unethical act is not necessarily illegal. Ethics involves standards of behavior and the concept of right and wrong, over that which is legal in a given situation. Moral values are formed through the influence of the family, culture, and society and form one’s ethical reasoning basis (Judson & Harrison, 2012). I feel any ethical decision model must involve individual employees, as well as their supervisors in order to be effective. Shared decision making, between health care professionals, is vital to arrive at what best meets the employee’s needs. I think an ethical reasoning tool needs to involve the employee and the supervisor so the problem can be addressed. The use of an integrative model can develop confidence and justification in making ethical decisions. Preferences and values come into effect during the process of an integrated ethical decision making model and principles of patient-centeredness and shared-decision making must be integrated (Sestini, 2010). An integrated model of ethical reasoning highlights the integration between ethics and decision making, where ethics is a tool that brings positive aspects of the reasoning process. The model is composed of three major elements: the ethical component; the decision making component; and the contextual component (Grundstein-Amado, 1991). Park (2012), reviewed available structured ethical reasoning and decision-making models and developed an integrated model consisting of six steps: 1. the identification of an ethical problem 2. the collection of additional information to identify the problem and develop solutions 3. the development of alternatives for analysis and comparison 4. the selection of the best alternatives and justification 5. the development of diverse, practical ways to implement ethical decisions and actions 6. the evaluation of effects and development of strategies to prevent a similar occurrence. The best ethical reasoning should be determined by putting efforts from all health care professionals involved and although it will not guarantee ethically right or good decisions, it will likely improve a process and outcomes of clinical ethical decisions (Park, 2012). Applying this model to the situation of 59 year old male with his only history being terminal lung cancer that has metastasized to the brain. Applying the chosen model: 1. the identification of an ethical problem: They have each decided to return to work and this will cause their father to be left alone for almost two hours each day. 2. the collection of additional information to identify the problem and develop solutions: families concerns: Increased difficulty managing this condition Patient is receiving hospice but the insurance company will not cover both hospice and respite services to assist the family. patient is now incontinent of both stool and urine and they are now limiting his intake of food and fluid in the afternoon and evening patient has now developed an excoriated perineum The patient has become increasingly weak, and has fallen several times over the last few days. requires total care with all ADL’s and IADL’s and the family verbalizes being overwhelmed 7. Both son and daughter are at risk of losing their jobs related to missing work in order to take care of their father. 3. the development of alternatives for analysis and comparison: this would involve the family’s input into the situation. Possible another family member could be available for the two hours. There could be a possibility to withdrawal from hospice and pursuing home health care to be used for respite services. 4. the selection of the best alternatives and justification: Again this would have to involve the family’s input to see what best meets their needs, as well as their father’s needs. Justification to the family regarding their father being left alone for two hours at a time, as well as withholding fluids and food from him can be done through education. 5. the development of diverse, practical ways to implement ethical decisions and actions: Deontology means that some behaviors are our duty, whether there is benefit or not (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). This is also a major emphasis of the principle of justice which requires that the vulnerable be extended special protections with regard to the distribution of the benefits and burdens of research (Yale Human Subject Research Resource & Education Program, 2006). As a case manager, I need to work with family on awareness, independent problem solving, supported problem solving, and decision and outcome evaluation. 6. the evaluation of effects and development of strategies to prevent a similar occurrence: this would be done post intervention, and then determination could be made of whether the end result was effective. Evaluating the effects of the interventions will allow the health care professional to adapt future encounters with similar situations. Recommendations Further research revealed the U. S. Department of Health & Human Services said federal hospice investigations have increased drastically over the last few years. A Medicare oversight report in 2009, found nearly a third of hospice patients were not getting services of treatment in care plans, nor were they getting visits providers had promised to provide (Bloomberg News, 2011). This would lead to the first recommendation to the family. It can be recommended that they ask the visiting hospice to review the overall care plan with them. The case manager needs to ask for a copy of the care plan, so it can be reviewed with the family. Once the care plan is reviewed, services being received can be reviewed to match what is promised to take place. A second recommendation to the given situation includes involvement of the case manager. The case manager needs to ask the family to discuss options with the patient and consider his preferences as well as special physical, emotional and psychosocial needs. A final recommendation is that the case manager assist the family to evaluate how much support can be provided by other family members and friends. For help determining the best option, they may need to talk with the health care team. Caring for their father, according to research, may have left them no time for self-care; drained them of energy and enthusiasm; and affected interactions with other family and friends (Joad et. al, 2011). References Bertea, S. (2009). The argument from coherence. Available at http://ivr-enc. info/index. php? title=The_Argument_from_Coherence Bloomberg News. (2011). Hospice care grows as do patient negligence concerns. Retrieved from http://www. ltlmagazine. com/news-item/hospice-care-grows-do-patient-negligence-concerns Bromberg, S. E. (2011). The evolution of ethics: An introduction to cybernetic ethics. Retrieved from http://www. evolutionaryethics. com Collins English Dictionary (2009). Negligence. Retrieved from http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/malpractice. Connelly, A. (n. d. ). Legal analysis and reasoning from precedent. Retrieved from http://www. law. uky. edu/files/docs/clinic/legal_analysis. pdf Cornell University Law School. (n. d. ). Negligence. Retrieved from http://www. law. cornell. edu/wex/negligence Dickson, J. (2010). Interpretation and coherence in legal reasoning. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy online. Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/spr2010/entries/legal-reas-interpret/>. Elder, L. & Paul, R. (2011). Ethical reasoning essential to education. Retrieved from www. criticalthinking. org Erlen, J. (2005). When patients and families disagree. Orthopedic Nursing, 24(4), 279–282. Fry, S. , Veatch, R. , & Taylor, C. (2011). Case studies in nursing ethics (4th ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Barlett Learning. Gable, L. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Public Health, and the Elusive Target of Human Rights. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 39(3), 340-354. doi:10. 1111/j. 1748-720X. 2011. 00604 Grant, P. D. , & Ballard, D. C. (2011). Law for nurse leaders: A comprehensive reference. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Grundstein-Amado, R. (1991). An integrative model of clinical-ethical decision making. Theoretical Medicine, 12(2), 157-170. Retrieved from http://link. springer. com/article/10. 1007%2FBF00489796 Joad, K, Mayamol, T. C. & Chaturvedi, M. (2011). What does the informal caregiver

Cold War Era and Threats to American Families

Cold War Era and Threats to American Families Cold war is the period of tension between America and the Solviet Union which lasted from 1945 and 1980. Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by an atomic bomb marked the end of World War II and the beginning of the cold war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cold War Era and Threats to American Families specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It developed after the world war two, and this was due to mistrust between the two states. America was a communist state, and feared the Solviet Union which was an anti-communist state, slowly coming into America (Farber, 1994). There was a widespread belief among the American people that worldwide control by the Russians was a reality. It was a period when weapons of mass destruction were a major concern and Americans were feared of owning the most powerful in the world (Marilyn Robert, 2002). The cold war period was characterized by an intensified tension over a long period of time; in 1949 the United States and USSR had already acquired nuclear capability. Due to the external military threat by the communists, there was a dire need to give Americans enough protection. National politicians started to warn the citizens of the threat. They were, therefore, told to be vigilant against the communists. These warnings were even accelerated by other levels of society including the media, pastors, opinion makers and community leaders (Harrison Thomas, 2008). Citizens had a role to play in protecting communism as citizen soldiers by building a cold war home front. In addition to this, there was an increased promotion of codes of conduct and enacting of public policies by the politicians to boost the American homes. There was a heightened sense of fear and insecurity among the Americans impacting the society to a great extent. Most of the American people were in agreement with their leaders that the best ways to avert the dangers of the cold war were through family sta bility (Harrison Thomas, 2008). These beliefs transformed the American society are vividly beyond the expected boundaries. There was an immense rush in the society towards marriage and child bearing thus; lowering the age of marriage for both men and women (Elaine, 2008). It reduced the class lines and increased racial divisions. The white middle and working class remained prosperous due to their ability to access suburban good life. The black Americans were excluded from suburbia by racial division that remained camouflaged in the aura of unity.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bonding helped the families feel at ease and protected against dangers of the outside world. As a family issue was becoming a major issue, couples had limited things in their lives, which included some consumer goods, their sexuality and privacy. Furthermore, divorce cases declined sharply as compared to other years (Harrison Thomas, 2008). Couples who divorced remained long enough together amid the security crisis and their family roles remained in place. Since young people had started marrying at a very young age, there was an increment in birthrates as compared to the last hundred years which had recorded a decline (Elaine, 2008). Baby boom was recorded that lasted for more than two decades. Although home was seen as a refuge and hope of freedom, economic hardships had ripped most of the families. Union of many families during the period helped them to have a sense of security. The danger of nuclear threat was universal and could not be avoided. The best I could do to protect my family is giving them sense of love and protection so as to ease their minds. I would ensure that my family is knowledgeable about the situation, and I could have advised them to take the suitable cover against the threat presented to them. It is a matter of fact that unity is the best remedy during h ard times; I would have ensured that my family is united and peaceful. In conclusion, although the cold war was different from any other physical war, it impacted extensively on American society. Society had to change in realms of population growth and numbers of divorce cases. Perhaps a question that crosses our minds is why did the young generation resort to early marriages? References Elaine, T. (2008). Homeward bound: American families in the Cold War era. New York: Basic Books Farber, D. (1994).The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s. New York: Hill and Wang.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cold War Era and Threats to American Families specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Harrison, C. Thomas R. (2008). Power and Society: An Introduction to the Social Sciences. London: Thomson Wadsworth. Kyle, A. (2005). Manhood and American political culture in the Cold War: Cultures. Routledge. Hardcover,  Routledge Maril yn, B. Robert, B. (2002). A companion to the Vietnam War. Blackwell companions to American history. New York: John Wiley Sons.

Design Patterns - Behavioral, Creational, Structural Research Paper

Design Patterns - Behavioral, Creational, Structural - Research Paper Example There are several classifications of design patterns - this essay focus on three designs, including memento for behavioral patterns, singleton for creational patterns and lastly facade for structural patterns. Memento Pattern This is a software design pattern that has the capability of bringing back an object to its initial state. As a pattern, it allows the initial state of an object to be restored without interfering with the rules of encapsulation. This means that the arising object can be designed appropriately, though it can be restored to its original state. Therefore, memento pattern has the ability of restoring the internal state of an object without breaking the encapsulation rules. As a behavioral pattern, Memento indicates the manner through which communication between entities or classes is achieved (Schmidt, 1997). Basically, the design pattern is popular in applications with â€Å"undo’ functionality. Memento pattern has two participants: the caretaker and the o riginator. The originator restores memento to its internal state while the caretaker guarantees memento safekeeping. According to Gamma et al. (1995), memento does not allow access to other objects other than originator. It has two interfaces, including narrow and wide interface. Caretakers only find the narrow interface and pass memento to other objects while the originator finds the wider interface through which it allows access to data that enabling restoration of the initial state. Benefits and drawbacks Memento pattern has chain of responsibilities that offers great flexibility especially when processing an application. In this case, it manages complex events by dividing the responsibilities into simpler elements that allows a set of classes to behave as a whole. However, the flexibility of this pattern is hard to develop, debug and test. This is because the chain becomes extremely complex. In addition, failure to plan for varied forwarding possibilities could result to message s that lack a handler, hence failing to attract any response. Singleton pattern Singleton is a creation design pattern that ensures only one object of a given class is created. It has only one class that is accessible by clients from identifiable access points. The single class must be extensible and the clients should easily use extended instances without alteration to their codes. Therefore, this pattern is particularly useful when a single object is needed to manage actions across a system. Singleton ensures efficiency when creating numerous identical objects and it uses a particular algorithm that requires a single point of control to interact with a resource that cannot be shared. Benefits and drawbacks The singleton pattern exerts control over the instantiation process and therefore this class has the flexibility to change the instantiation process. In addition, singleton pattern ensures that every object accesses the singleton object and preventing other objects from instanti ating their own copies. However, weaknesses associated with singleton pattern includes introduction a global state into the program. It allows uncontrolled access to the program hence being one of the most used patterns. In this regard, programs that are heavily used are difficult to test. This is because it is not possible to test it without testing other

Accounting Regulation of Extractive Industries Essay

Accounting Regulation of Extractive Industries - Essay Example ay a critical role in global economic and political relations and include companies in oil, gas and mining industries such as Exxon Mobil, Anglo American and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. The economic power of extractive industries is evidenced by the US $ 211 trillion in profits that was recorded by 20 extractive industries in 2005 compared with United States GDP of US $ 11 trillion in 2005. Efforts to regulate the extractive industry were initiated by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), now the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 1998 in order to address the problem associated with differing accounting practices used by the companies in the sector (Cortese, Irvine and Kaidonis, 2010). The previous accounting standards such as IAS 16 on property, plant, and equipment and IAS 38 on intangible assets did not address the thorny issue of accounting for extractive operations in oil, gas and mining operations. In this case, IFRS 6, exploration for and evaluation of Mineral Resources was released in 2004, but experts in the field claims that the standard codified the existing industry practice and provided the companies with flexibility to continue reporting in their preferred mode (Nobes & Parker 2008). The impact of the reported profits can be substantial and thus IASC sought to address the discrepancies at the international level. Proponents of full cost method stressed the need to retain the two methods and an Ad Hoc Committee on full costing consisting of various industry bodies and players was constituted (Nobes & Parker 2008). Companies in extractive industries have global operations and diversity in their accounting and reporting has evolved in leading mining regions such as South Africa, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States (US). Wiecek & Young (2010) explains that the economic importance of extractive industries led IASC to recognise the need for an international accounting standard that would provide